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Wildlife ValuesWWMS✓ Validated
Wildlife Watching Motivation Scale
Duffus & Dearden · 1990
Overview
Measures the motivations underlying wildlife watching and nature-based tourism, including learning, aesthetic appreciation, emotional connection, escape from daily life, and social interaction. Used in ecotourism research to understand visitor motivations and design effective wildlife watching programs.
Measure Details
Number of Items20 items
Response Scale5-point Likert (1 = Not at all important, 5 = Extremely important)
Author(s)Duffus & Dearden
Year Published1990
Internal Reliabilityα = .80
DomainWildlife Values
Citation
Duffus, D. A., & Dearden, P. (1990). Non-consumptive wildlife-oriented recreation: A conceptual framework. Biological Conservation, 53(3), 213–231.
Keywords
wildlife watchingecotourismmotivationlearningaestheticemotionalescapenature tourism
Use This Measure
Free to use for research and educational purposes. Please cite the original authors.
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At a Glance
Items20
Year1990
Reliabilityα = .80